Photography Science

Photography is built on physics and engineering — and understanding what's actually happening when light hits a sensor, or how a lens bends light to form an image, makes you a better photographer. This section goes beneath the surface of photography to explore the science that underlies the craft: optics, sensor design, color theory, signal processing, and the technology that makes modern cameras possible.

You Can Find Emperor Penguin Colonies From Space by Their Poop

The satellites that first mapped emperor penguins could not see a single one of them. Landsat records the surface at 30 meters per pixel, and a four-foot bird disappears long before that. What those satellites could see was the mess.

A Rescue Boat Filmed a Humpback Mother Standing Vigil Over Her Stillborn Calf

A female humpback whale gave birth to a stillborn calf about a kilometer off Australia's Gold Coast on July 17, 2025, then kept diving to the seafloor to lie beside it, nudge it with her head and a pectoral fin, and hold eye contact for a minute or more at a time, until the boat watching her left at 10 a.m.

Astronaut Jessica Meir Photographed a Purple Aurora From 255 Miles Up With a Nikon Z9

NASA astronaut Jessica Meir photographed an aurora glowing green and purple over Kyrgyzstan on September 7, shooting from the International Space Station at an altitude of 255 miles with a Nikon Z9 at a 15mm focal length. The frame catches the green band riding the curve of the atmosphere, purple rays climbing above it, and the lights of Central Asian cities scattered across the dark below.

The Photograph That Proved Einstein Right: The 1919 Eclipse Plates

For about five minutes on May 29, 1919, the Moon blotted out the Sun over an island in the Gulf of Guinea and a hard-baked plain in northern Brazil, and two teams of astronomers pointed their cameras at a patch of sky no one could normally see. They were not photographing the eclipse for its beauty. They were trying to measure whether a handful of stars had moved. 

Fifty Cameras in the Dark: How the First Atomic Bomb Was Photographed

At 5:29:45 in the morning on July 16, 1945, in a stretch of New Mexico desert the Spanish called the Jornada del Muerto, the sky turned brighter than the noon sun. Aimed at that flash, tucked into steel-and-lead bunkers and buried instrument boxes ringing a 100-foot tower, sat roughly fifty cameras.

How Scientists Photograph the Deep Sea, Miles From Where the Sun Shines

In 2022, a camera on the floor of the Izu-Ogasawara Trench off Japan, 8,336 meters down, filmed a small translucent snailfish drifting through its beam. No fish had ever been filmed so far down. No sunlight has ever reached that trench, and the light that does exist down there, the faint blue flicker of bioluminescence, is nothing like the broad-spectrum white the camera carries.

Ordinary WiFi Can Now Identify You Without a Camera

Researchers in Germany have shown that an ordinary Wi-Fi network can pick a specific person out of a crowd with near-perfect accuracy, no camera involved. In a test with 197 people, the system recognized individuals in seconds, from different angles, no matter how they walked.

 

How NASA Blindly Aimed a Camera From Billions of Miles Away

Imagine trying to photograph a moon the size of a fist while flying past it at 45,000 miles per hour, using a camera you cannot see through, cannot focus by hand, and cannot even talk to in real time. Every instruction you send takes hours to arrive. By the time you learn whether a shot worked, the target is long gone, and there is no second pass.

The Ten Rarest Weather Phenomena Ever Photographed

On July 6, 1989, physicists at the University of Minnesota aimed a low-light video camera at a distant thunderstorm to test the equipment and accidentally caught the first image of what is now called a red sprite, a burst of lightning firing upward toward space.

Why Cameras Still Cannot See What Your Eyes See

You stood at the canyon rim at sunset, took in the glowing sky and the shadowed rock below in a single glance, and pressed the shutter certain you had it. The file came back with a white sky or a black cliff, never both.

How the First Photo of a Black Hole Was Actually Made

The first picture of a black hole was not taken with a camera, and no single telescope ever saw it. It is a reconstruction, assembled from petabytes of radio data recorded at seven observatories scattered around the globe, then flown across the planet on hard drives.

Another Look at the Seestar S30 Pro Telescope

It seems smart telescopes are taking off, bringing more and more people into the astrophotography hobby. I've reviewed a few of these new categories of products, most recently the Dwarf Mini. 3, a low-priced entry in the computer-driven portable telescope offerings. 

You've Never Seen a Lens With an Aperture This Wide

Low f-number lenses have always been a kind of optical myth. You chase them for that magical look in dim light, but the physics behind them is rarely simple. The pursuit of brighter images and faster glass isn’t only about collecting more light. It’s about understanding how light itself bends, refracts, and behaves once it passes through a lens. 

An American Is Named Astrophotographer of the Year With a Breathtaking Image

Astrophotography is growing rapidly in popularity. Better and more reasonably priced equipment, computer control, and a heightened interest in what is in the night sky have all combined to expand the number of photographers who do night sky imaging. Some create landscapes, better termed “nightscapes,” while others focus on capturing planets, nebulae, and galaxies. 

Quantum Camera for Cancer Detection: Ultra-Sensitive Imaging to Spot Tumors Early

Scientists are reporting progress on a “quantum camera” that could vastly improve early cancer detection by capturing visual details that conventional medical imaging might miss. This next-generation camera is designed to be so sensitive that it can detect a single photon of light – the smallest possible unit of illumination.

The Science Behind Disappointing Photos and How to Fix Them

Have you ever taken a photo of a breathtaking scene, only to find that the image doesn’t match what you remember? The colors seem dull, the depth is missing, and the overall impact just isn’t there. This is a common problem, and it comes down to the fundamental differences between how our eyes and brains process a scene versus what a camera can capture. 

Bird Banding in the Peruvian Amazon: New YouTube Docuseries

Ever wonder what it’s like to do bird research in the Amazon jungle? 

This YouTube short series offers a glimpse into what it is like to be a biologist in the Amazonian jungles of Peru. Follow each team of biologists as they describe what their day-to-day work looks like in a remote jungle. Learn how to join the team yourself and how to get started.

A Photographer’s Role in Saving Bumblebees

The Bumblebee Atlas Project focuses on the role of bumblebees in the broader ecosystem, helping to conserve species that are essential to pollination. Bumblebees and other pollinators help maintain the biodiversity that produces the vibrant, flourishing landscapes we all love to photograph. 

How Many Megapixels Does Your Eye Really Have? 

As a photographer, you understand the importance of capturing sharp, detailed images. But have you ever considered how the capabilities of the human eye influence the technology we use to create and view those images?  

This is How Sigma Makes The World's Smallest Full Frame Camera

The Sigma fp and fp L cameras, recognized as the world's smallest and lightest full frame interchangeable lens cameras, are products of Sigma's meticulous design and manufacturing process. A recent video reveals the detailed behind-the-scenes of how Sigma designs, machines, and assembles these cameras. 

A Photoshoot at the Edge of Space

A number of years ago, while still an ambassador for Hasselblad, I received a fateful phone call from a gentleman asking if he could pick my brain about the newly released Hasselblad X1D. I agreed, and we proceeded to talk about cameras, both past and present, along with the photos we had taken with them.

The History of Extreme High Speed Photography

What does an atomic detonation look like with a 1/1,000,000 s exposure? If you drop milk onto a red table, do you make art? This article holds an interesting discussion about high speed photography. 

5 James Bond Secrets to Protein Bars for Photographers

Hold on to your taste buds, folks, because we're about to embark on a deliciously hilarious journey through the secrets of protein bars! Get ready to discover the five covert tricks that turn these humble snacks into protein-packed wonders that would make even James Bond jealous.

The Powerful Benefits of Photography for Mental and Physical Health

Photography is not just about capturing beautiful images; it is a powerful tool that can positively impact our mental and physical well-being. Whether you are an amateur or a seasoned photographer, picking up a camera and immersing yourself in the art of photography can bring numerous advantages to your overall health.

What Is Manhattanhenge?

Do you know what a barm or a zarf are? They're two items seen practically every day but rarely called by their real names. A barm is the foam head on a beer, and a zarf is the cardboard burn prevention sleeve. This brings me to Manhattanhenge. Can you believe it’s a New York City sunset? 

So... You Wanna Photograph the Northern Lights

The northern lights are one of the great unicorns of the photography world. Researching how to find them can sound as complicated as entropy. Luckily, this video breaks down everything you need to know about analyzing the science behind hunting the auroras.

What's the Frame Rate of the Human Eye?

Have you ever wondered what the frame rate of the human eye is and, just importantly, why it matters? It turns out the answer is far more complex than a simple numerical value, and that has tremendous consequences for the design of cameras and why we work the way we do.

What’s the Impact of AI on the Creative Industry?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing the photography industry by automating many tasks that were previously done manually. This has the potential to greatly impact the way photos are taken, edited, and shared. Should we be worried about AI or embrace it? 

The Clever Technology That Is Making World Cup Officiating More Accurate

The World Cup is in full swing, and this year, technology is helping officials to make more accurate calls. This neat video takes you behind the scenes to show you the new “semi-automated AI offsides technology” that uses a combination of sensors, a multi-camera array, and machine learning to help officials to make the correct call each time.  

Hey Photographers! Cataracts Are Messing Up Your Color Vision

I had recent cataract surgery on both eyes, about a month apart for each eye. The doctor told me my vision would improve (a good thing). I was having the surgery because it was getting more difficult to see, especially close up.

How This Jaw-Dropping Image Was Created

Earlier this year, the scientific community was abuzz when an image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the galactic center of the Milky Way, was released. How did scientists actually create the image, though? It took petabytes of data from a virtual telescope that size of the entire planet.

NASA's Webb Telescope Delivers its First Images

It has been 26 years since development started on the eventual successor to the Hubble Space Telescope. In that time, after numerous delays, cost overruns, one major redesign, and 10 billion USD, the James Webb Space Telescope has finally taken its first images. 

Are Noctilucent Clouds a Climate Forewarning?

Landscape photographers have a love/hate relationship with clouds. Too many or too little in our shot can be cause for grief while trying to compose a landscape image, unless the clouds are interesting, of course, like during a storm.  

AI-Powered Art Is Getting Scary Good

Machine learning and AI are quickly becoming commonplace with the tools every photographer uses. There are neural filters for Photoshop, AI enhancement tools in Luminar Neo and PortraitPro, and even programs that use AI to generate captions for photos.  

Pre-Summer Astrophotography Challenges

If spring has been a mixed bag of poor weather and few targets for you, as it has been for many of us, things are looking up as May rolls in. A total lunar eclipse highlights the list on May 15-16. 

A Messier Road Trip Through the Sky

March brings the Spring equinox, hope for improved weather, and the possibility of a marathon road trip through the sky via the Messier list of astronomical objects. Note: it’s not supposed to be a “messy” list. 

What Do You Lose When Compressing Images With JPEG?

We encounter and use JPEG files daily, but rarely do we give any thought to what the process entails. More importantly to us as photographers, what data do we lose when using this lossy image compression technique?